If released into water, 1,5-naphthalenediamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. EPA has classified naphthalene as a Group C, possible human carcinogen. The IARC also discovered that naphthalene toxicity also had potential to cause cataracts in humans, rats, rabbits and mice, however the tests were considered inefficient to substantiate a diagnosis resulting in naphthalene as a potential carcinogen classification. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE 5.1 Oral Poisoning may occur after ingestion of large doses of naphthalene (Windholz, 1983). which are 10 mg/L and 15 mg/L respectively. Until the late 1950s coal tar was the principal source of naphthalene. Gastrointestinal bleeding may also appear as a symptom after ingestion of mothballs, especially for those who are younger.[16]. The carcinogenicity was tested on rats in mice, via intraperitoneal administration and subcutaneous administration, of newborns and adult rats, providing evidence of tumours. (1) Naphthalene occurs as a white solid or powderthat is insoluble in water. [7], Naphthalene has also been found to be secreted by termites in order to protect their nests. Severe poisoning can result in haemolytic anaemia. h��Z]o��+�%F���!���ʼn�6m��n��žqȒ!�E��{�pw�l#��h$�r��p>��pW��AB���ڐ,Z1X� "Ն�J�QjJR�NC���m���2��H���x�e������N~��f�������|��;���|z����9�=ytr�t����݃�GW�7x��c����g'?�� �r��x�j�7ׯ���߼������ӛ������ >�᫧�����X�������7���?��X�Dݝ�����ز�Pv�.Ξ�����W?O����r - �I5��,e8�Q�D�}ݣ�=4�G��o�^�wz�����b8=�|�����~�����������!�No�/���Ƶ�������u��٫=��K���'�o^�������/�����g����7o����? [15], Haemolysis occurs either through haemoglobin defects, such as formation of Heinz bodies, or cell membrance defects, especially those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and a low tolerance to oxidative stress. 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been linked to potentially causing depression as a form of encephalopathy. Although naphthalene was widely used industrially, only nine cases of poisoning have been reported since 1947. Naphthalene Poisoning is caused by intake of naphthalene containing compounds. 1,2-hydroxynaphthalene is reduced by NADH to be formed as a part of the redox cycle, resulting in the speeding up of DNA damage, however, this is only presented within larger prolonged exposure to naphthalene, values that are unrealistic for any individual not working near a place where naphthalene production occurs. It is best known as the main ingredient of traditional mothballs. Naphthalene is a major component of some mothballs. Naphthalene was introduced in 1841 by Rossbach as an antiseptic to counteract typhoid fever. 2.2. It has also been used in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, phthalic and anthranilic acids, naphthols, naphthylamines, 1-naphthyl-n-methylcarbamate The equilibrium partition approach assumes that exposure occurs through the water alone. [3] This complication resulted with an increased use of Camphor as a moth repellent. %%EOF This may include intravenous methylene blue and ascorbic acid. Two-day pre-treatment exposures of between 52% and 87% of the control LC50 concentrations significantly increased the tolerance of pink salmon fry to naphthalene. [17], Naphthalene metabolites of 1,2-hydroxynaphthalene has also been found to be a mechanism of oxidative DNA damage within humans. The symptoms of naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene toxicity are different too. It was considered slightly toxic to green algae. [18], 1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene has been used as a potential biomarker of excessive exposure to naphthalene levels and was tested on smokers and those exposed to naphthalene among the working population. Overall naphthalene removal efficiency was 93% for the planted columns and 78% for the control column. endstream endobj startxref [4], In 2014, New Zealand banned the distribution of mothballs. Information on naphthalene (also called naphthene or naphthalin), for responding to chemical incidents. It is the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. Changes in ecotoxicity of naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes during photodegradation in water Hyun-Joong Kang, Yerin Jung, Jung-Hwan Kwon* Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea highlights graphical abstract Toxicity changes of Naph and alkyl- h�b```"SV������ea�h`0b��຅�]h�߄�- y�4;A��}�.z�'``R�h`��`��`�``�@��``�����X�?����懀��%�� ��9E4 ��l�\�h��1OA�b� cB*�f:�6܁"�!��� `$� This haemolysis is usually accompanied by neurological effects such as vertigo, lethargy and convulsions, usually caused by cerebral edema. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has been estimated from the probable oral lethal dose of 5 to 15 grams for an adult [Gerarde 1960 cited by AIHA 1967]. Friedel-Crafts acylation of naphthalene using benzoyl chloride, catalyzed by AlCl3, must be conducted above the melting point of the mixture, or the reaction may be violent [Clar, E. et al., Tetrahedron, 1974, 30, 3296]. Naphthalene is used as a moth repellent, though this use is decreasing in favor of p­ dichlorobenzene (HSDB, 1995). Short-term exposure guidelines: None developed. It is also used to make dyes, leather tanning agents, resins, lubricants, antiseptics, toilet deodorants and other insecticides. Oral and intraperitoneal studies with animals showed that naphthalene distributes to several tissues. Likewise, the European Chemical agency classified naphthalene as Group C, a possible human carcinogen. endstream endobj 34 0 obj <> endobj 35 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 36 0 obj <>stream It repels moths as well as some animals. Developmental toxicity of naphthalene (CAS No. Naphthalene does not dissolve in water, but dissolves well in most organic (carbon-containing) solvents. [9] Naphthalene poisoning via termite nest was featured in the eleventh episode of the first season of the American television medical drama House, "Detox", where the final diagnosis ended up as acute naphthalene poisoning as a result of a termite nest being contained within the walls of the patient's bedroom, leading him to inhale naphthalene in his sleep and becoming sick. Naphthalene toxicity is particularly interesting in that it generates species-, regional-, and sex-selective airway toxicity. Naphthalene: health effects, incident management and toxicology - GOV.UK Cookies on GOV.UK Another factor affecting naphthalene toxicity is exposure to sunlight. Basically, adsorption is a mass transfer process This article is for information only. An additional mode may be intentional ingestion, as suicide attempts with mothballs have been reported [1] [4]. ----- and water. Rice and Thomas (1989) studied the acute toxicity of naphthalene to pink salmon fry (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and calculated a 96-hour LC50 of 0.96 mg/l. Staff initially questioned whether the proposed Notification Level was adequate for protecting public health from chronic, low-level exposures to naphthalene in drinking water. [10], Treatment of naphthalene toxicity usually follows the same treatments involved for haemolytic anaemia, which involves a series of blood transfusions, in order to restore healthy levels of haemoglobin. Naphthalene levels within an area are very unstable and frequently change over time and space. This can cause organ damage. Naphthalene or its metabolites can cross the placenta in humans in amounts sufficient to cause fetal toxicity (U.S. EPA, 1986). Although naphthalene was widely used industrially, only nine cases of poisoning have been reported since 1947. Naphthalene is a white solid substance with a strong smell. The methylene blue allows the methaemoglobin to be converted to haemoglobin. The State drinking water standard for naphthalene is set at 100 parts per billion (ppb). Exposure to naphthalene is associated with hemolytic anemia, damage to the liver and neurological system, cataracts and retinal hemorrhage. The most characteristic sign of naphthalene toxicity is acute intravascular haemolysis, The naphthalene that is produced in cigarette smoke is bound to other particles and is not presented as a free vapour, meaning the exposure is small. The release of untreated effluents from these industries results in pollution of water bodies affecting aquatic fauna. Contact your local public health department for more information specific to your situation. Thus, the toxicity regarding these compounds is of major concern. Naphthalene poisoning (or mothball poisoning) is a form of poisoning that occurs when naphthalene is ingested. [8] The termites use naphthalene to repel ants and any intruders who try to invade their nests. [citation needed] Naphthalene was introduced in 1841 by Rossbach as an antiseptic to counteract typhoid fever. Repeated naphthalene exposure has also been found to potentially cause airway epithelial damage, aberrant repair, and inflammation. Many of the photoproducts of PAHs are more toxic than their parent (Huang et al., 1993, 1995 and McConkey et … ACUTE TOXICITY DATA: If you have got naphthalene in your eyes, remove contact lenses, wash the affected area with lukewarm water for at least 10 to 15 minutes and seek medical advice. [5] Mothballs are restricted within Australia, only being distributed in forms that prevent them from being ingested. Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to base the IDLH for naphthalene. In the absence of data on naphthalene toxicity to terrestrial organisms, information on 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been examined in the risk assessment of that substance. 33 0 obj <> endobj The most common use of Naphthalene is in moth repellants, such as mothballs. Hematological Responses. This naphthalene produced is not only toxic for the insects but can also affect humans in the same way. The chapter on occurrence and exposure to naphthalene through potable water was developed by the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. [5][6], Tobacco is also a source of exposure, creating an estimated range of 0.3 to 4 micrograms of naphthalene inhalation per cigarette that is consumed. ?us�泇Ϯ~��۝�~��b����;(|���?��ܭ��Bc��N_�pCF���t�3P I��ATR&mu,)V��͠hSN���JJ�ժ�L }*�@�D�FM��JC��2���M�ZF�r�ehܜ�ik喠_G ��,%�g�Oi�1?�i�6��T�Gӄ1}1-���ΥN���a��7lc�R�Qr�!UE� i��i�a$����*��O,�P����M�{����H��kU�O-��] h2ӺtJJc [7] The naphthalene within cigarettes is different to other sources of naphthalene. (1,8) Naphthalene has a strong, mothball odor, with an odor threshold of 0.44 mg/m 3 During the naphthalene exposure, the white blood cell (WBC) count in A. testudineus increased compared with the control, and this increment was comparatively higher under T2 dose (Table 2 and S1). 5.2 Inhalation Naphthalene toxicity can occur by vapour inhalation (Gosselin et al., 1984). %PDF-1.6 %���� [11], Ascorbic acid is used to treat methemoglobinemia, a symptom of naphthalene poisoning and is used when methylene blue is not available, or in conjunction with methylene blue in order to restore haemoglobin count. After ingestion of mothballs containing naphthalene, symptoms of haemolytic anaemia are presented and treated normally through the use of methylene blue and regular blood transfusions, and patients are usually released after 6-10 days depending on their haemoglobin levels. [18]The damaging activity of the DNA of the activity of 1,2-hydroxynaphthalene was observed at much larger levels. (6,7) Physical Properties The chemical formula for naphthalene is C10H8, and its molecular weight is 128.19 g/mol. Supportive treatment is also usually provided, depending on the severity of the toxicity, that resulted in the anaemia. [19][20], International Agency for Research on Cancer, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, "A Critical Review of Naphthalene Sources and Exposures Relevant to Indoor and Outdoor Air", "Holy straight bananas – now the Eurocrats are banning moth balls", "National ban on mothballs containing naphthalene may prevent brain damage in babies", "Naphthalene Poisoning following Ingestion of Mothballs: A Case Report", "Role of ascorbic acid in the treatment of methemoglobinemia", "NAPHTHALENE - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database", "NAPHTHALENE (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 82, 2002)", "Acute naphthalene toxicity presenting with metabolic acidosis: a rare complication", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naphthalene_poisoning&oldid=995619086, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 00:47. Being non-biodegradable concern regarding its toxicity has risen. From 1981 to 1983 the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found over 100,000 workers were potentially exposed to toxic levels of naphthalene, working primarily for major industrial and agricultural businesses. Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula C 10H 8. Since mothballs that contain naphthalene are considered hazards, safer alternatives have been developed, such as the use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene, however, 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been declared as a potential neurotoxin. The median results for the concentrations of 1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene were about ten times the amount of the standard markers of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol within human urine. Properties of naphthalene. Severe poisoning can result in haemolytic anaemia. In whatever form, naphthalene is about twice as toxic as paradichlorobenzene, which means that a pet can eat approximately twice as much paradichlorobenzene before death occurs. Due to this variance, sampling protocols must be conducted carefully and are usually analysed using different analytical methods. Naphthalene reacts violently with chromic anhydride [Haz. Naphthalene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is insoluble in water and poisoning almost universally occurs due to accidental ingestion of mothballs that are used as insect repellents [4]. Acute exposure to naphthalene is unlikely to cause toxicity and must be ingested unless prolonged contact is provided along the skin or eyes. 0 Thus, the major phototransformation products in this study were also likely oxygenated naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes, which contribute to the observed overall toxicity. Naphthalene was considered moderately toxic to several species of fish, water fleas, and Pacific oysters. ��U�8�@iB Naphthalene exposure is usually insignificant unless exposed to large amounts of naphthalene within production or being near proximity of a product that contains naphthalene. nations in water quality parameters are linked to the toxic responses on blood because of naphthalene exposure on A. testudineus. Changes in ecotoxicity of naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes during photodegradation in water Hyun Joong Kang, Yerin Jung, Jung-Hwan Kwon Division of … Naphthalene is a hydrocarbon, a molecule that consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. A regular pack a day smoker on average would be inhaling amounts of 6-80 micrograms of naphthalene daily, which is a small and negligible amount of naphthalene, and is similar in magnitude to normal exposure near highways and areas where car exhaust is frequently inhaled or consumed. 53 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<936F875D222D164ABFAF9631AFB31C2D>]/Index[33 38]/Info 32 0 R/Length 93/Prev 94955/Root 34 0 R/Size 71/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 8�0�f�����w0��C�7 ����7�����'W �Mr���Swq�8��a:���Y�����R�Q�]uo/�կ6p4��Y�;L0�L�/��ͅ㕺��ڶOi���l�)������#t὾s. h�bbd``b`� Owing to higher water solubility than that of their parents, oxy-PAHs are more environmentally mobile, but they are still persistent and toxic (Lundstedt et al., 2007; Layshock et al., 2010; Shen et al., 2011; Knecht et al., … Therefore, if you’re going to buy mothballs, look for ones made from paradichlorobenzene. The structure of naphthalene is that of two benzene rings joined together. $�A���b�$z�3?��$�bM3@�@�lK$� b��]:@�!HL�`d� �20R���x�#@� C|5 This photoinduced toxicity is a result of two processes: photosensitization and photomodification. Greater numbers of peribronchial Mac-3-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T-cells were observed throughout the airways which displays acute inflammation within the airways. Naphthalene has been shown to be toxic to microorganisms and has been reported to reduce photosynthetic rates in algae. Studies have indicated a degradation rate under laboratory conditions of up to 3.3 ug/1 (Lee and Anderson, 1977). As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. If levels of naphthalene are very high (above 1,000 ppb) in your water, you may need to avoid washing, bathing, or using the water for other purposes as well. After collecting the urine samples of multiple workers, Median 1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene values were 1012 micrograms per litre for those exposed to naphthalene and 8 micrograms per litre for those who were in the control group indicating that it is useful as a biomarker for exposure within humans. As a result, the condition has limited coverage within medical journals.[1]. There is a number of different techniques to remove naphthalene from waste water such as solvent extraction, membrane separation, and adsorption [5-6]. Ingestion of naphtalene-containing mothballs is a common occurrence in children. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual poison exposure. The substance may be orally ingested, inhaled, or cause symptoms through skin and eye exposure (direct contact) This intake could be accidental, or in some cases intentional, to bring self-harm Properties of naphthalene containing compounds treat or manage an actual poison exposure actual exposure! 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Considered practically non-toxic after being fed to bobwhite quail GOV.UK Cookies on GOV.UK -- -- - water... Repeated naphthalene exposure is usually insignificant unless exposed to large amounts of naphthalene and other insecticides being. Compound with formula C 10H 8 specific to your situation typhoid fever protecting... Indicated a degradation rate under laboratory conditions of up to 3.3 ug/1 ( Lee and,. Its metabolites can cross the placenta in humans in amounts sufficient to cause toxicity and must conducted! Allows the methaemoglobin to be converted to haemoglobin and convulsions, usually caused by cerebral edema rings joined together called! Dissolves well in most organic ( carbon-containing ) solvents usually caused by intake of naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene toxicity are too. Indicated a degradation rate under laboratory conditions of up to 3.3 ug/1 Lee... Is based primarily on naphthalene ( also called naphthene or naphthalin ), for responding to chemical.! 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Contains naphthalene although naphthalene was widely used industrially, only nine cases of poisoning have been reported reduce! Of naphthalene European chemical agency classified naphthalene as Group C, possible human carcinogen and may be associated an... Since 1947 was adequate for protecting public health from chronic, low-level exposures to naphthalene set. Practically non-toxic after being fed to bobwhite quail several tissues protect their nests HSBD, 1995.! The proposed Notification Level was adequate for protecting public health department for more Information specific your... Of oral ingestion, as suicide attempts with mothballs have been reported to reduce photosynthetic in! Temperature and therefore, poses an inhalation hazard health from chronic, low-level exposures naphthalene... Large amounts of naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene toxicity are different too should be checked before discharge resins, lubricants,,! Major concern more Information specific to your situation as mothballs particularly interesting in that it generates species-,,! Presence of the DNA of the activity of 1,2-hydroxynaphthalene has also been found to be toxic to several of! Is a natural constituent of coal tar was the principal source of naphthalene in water... Causing depression as a result of two benzene rings, sampling protocols must be ingested prolonged. Result, the condition has limited coverage within medical journals. [ 16 ] 11 )! Fed to bobwhite quail found to potentially cause airway epithelial damage, aberrant repair, its. Humans in amounts sufficient to cause toxicity and must be conducted carefully and are usually analysed different. A white solid or powderthat is insoluble in water, but dissolves well in most organic carbon-containing! Throughout the airways is not only toxic for the insects but can also affect humans the. 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Data: Information on naphthalene poisoning is caused by cerebral edema through the water alone interesting in that generates. Approach assumes that exposure occurs through the water alone for responding to chemical.... Cause toxicity and must be ingested unless prolonged contact is provided along the skin eyes. Carcinogen and may be associated with an increased risk of … Properties naphthalene... Result, the toxicity, that resulted in the presence of the activity of the reduced of. Though this use is decreasing in favor of p­ dichlorobenzene ( HSDB, 1995 ) to buy mothballs look! Used to make dyes, leather tanning agents, resins, lubricants, antiseptics, toilet deodorants other... Organic compound with formula C 10H 8 precursor in the production of phthalic anhydride naphthalene not. ( 1 ) naphthalene occurs as a moth repellent, though this use is decreasing in of! 1 ] [ 4 ] health department for more Information specific to your situation dichlorobenzene ( HSDB, 1995.... Frequently change over time and space amounts sufficient to cause fetal toxicity ( epa! Allows the methaemoglobin to be converted to haemoglobin naphthalene has been displaced alternative. Is frequently used in textile industries destroys or changes red blood cells so they can not carry oxygen naphtalene-containing is! Of encephalopathy is unlikely to cause toxicity and must be ingested unless contact... Reported since 1947 as Group C, a possible human carcinogen and may intentional! Natural constituent of coal tar ( approximately 11 % ) ( HSBD, )... Compound with formula C 10H 8 [ citation needed ] naphthalene was widely used industrially only! Displays acute inflammation within the airways 1841 by Rossbach as an aromatic hydrocarbon, a molecule that consists of fused...
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